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Battle of Ciudad Juárez (1919)
The Third Battle of Ciudad Juarez, or simply the Battle of Juarez, was the final major battle involving the rebels of Francisco "Pancho" Villa. It began on June 15, 1919 when Villa attempted to capture the border city of Ciudad Juarez from the Mexican Army. During the engagement, the Villistas provoked an intervention by the United States Army forces protecting the neighboring city of El Paso, Texas. The Americans routed the Villistas in what became the second largest battle of the Mexican Revolution involving the United States, and the last battle of the Border War. With the American army closing in, the Villistas had no choice but to retreat. Pancho Villa then attacked Durango but lost again so he retired to his home at Parral, Chihuahua in 1920, with a full pardon from the Carrancista government.〔http://www.emersonkent.com/history/timelines/mexican_revolution_timeline_1919.htm〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Trish Long: Juárez fighting forced US to send in soldiers )〕
==Background==
Following the Battle of Columbus and General John J. Pershing's Mexican Expedition in 1916 and 1917, Pancho Villa's army was scattered across northern Mexico but by 1918 he had assembled several hundred men and began attacking the Carrancistas again. The Villistas were mostly unsuccessful in their final campaign. Though they captured Parral and took several smaller towns, they chose not to attack the city of Chihuahua because of its large garrison. Instead Villa turned his attention to Ciudad Juarez in the summer of 1919. According to Friedrich Katz, author of ''The life and times of Pancho Villa'', Villa's motivations for attacking Ciudad Juarez are unclear. Katz says that Villa wanted to put one of his generals, Felipe Ángeles, up to it because in the past he had spoken of the "''need for reconciliation with the Americans''" and the hope that the United States would then "''change its attitude''" for the Villistas. Katz also says that Villa may have chosen to attack Juarez because there was a smaller enemy garrison there than in Chihuahua, there was a large source of food, and possibly to see if the Americans, just across the Rio Grande, were still as hostile as they had been during Pershing's campaign. The new Carrancista commander in northeastern Mexico, General Juan Agustin Castro, was also factored in. According to Katz, Castro was not as aggressive as his predecessor and was "''content to fortify himself in a few towns without ever taking offensive action.''" Therefore, Villa felt "''relatively confident''" that he could win the battle for Juarez without having to worry about Castro attacking him from the rear. Villa's army consisted of over 4,000 infantry and cavalry but he had no artillery support. The Carrancista forces, under General Pablo González Garza, numbered nearly 3,000 and they had fortified Juarez and occupied the citadel, Fort Hidalgo. General Gonzalez also had artillery and two other important advantages: he would be fighting a defensive battle and was protected on the northern flank by El Paso and the American army.〔Katz, pg. 706–709〕〔Cantu, pg. 233–237〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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